#### In-depth | #### Question 6.5

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## BER Performance for M-ary Orthogonal FSK

#### Shown here are the BER curves for M-ary orthogonal FSK. As predicted, as the number of symbol states is increased, the BER performance improves (at the expense of bandwidth) but never crosses the -1.6 dB performance bound. For digital communications applications where the optimum performance in noise is required, for example in deep space missions where the path loss is so great, M-ary FSK is a very effective modulation technique. |